An overview of animal models in experimental schistosomiasis and refinements in the use of non-human primates

The complex nature of the schistosome parasite and its interaction with the mammalian host necessitates the continued use of live intact animal models in schistosomiasis research. This review acknowledges this necessity and h ighlights some of the important insights into the pathogenesis of the disea se that have been gained from using various animal models. The use of non-h uman primates as more relevant models of human schistosomiasis is stated. I n addition, the importance of animal welfare consideration when using prima tes for research is emphasized. Finally, some guidelines for the refined ca pture, handling and early humane endpoints for non-human primates to be use d in experimental schistosomiasis are suggested.