This study investigated the effect of exposure route on metal accumulation,
tissue distribution, and toxicity in the marine copepods Acartia hudsonica
and A. tonsa. Sublethal toxicity was measured as decreases in egg producti
on, hatching rate, ovarian development and protein (yolk) content of the eg
g. When algal food, exposed to Hg at 1 nM or Cd at 5 nM resulting in cells
containing 34 and 64 nmol metal g(-1) dry weight, respectively, was ingeste
d over a 4-h period by copepods, the total copepod body burden increased ni
ne-fold for Hg and two-fold for Cd over background concentrations, and egg
production decreased by 50%. Sublethal concentrations of metals were > 2 or
ders of magnitude lower than LC50 concentrations. Hatching rate, ovarian de
velopment and egg protein content all decreased following trophic exposure
to metals, implying that the process of yolk accumulation (vitellogenesis)
was affected. Exposure to dissolved Cd had no effect, but dissolved Hg at c
oncentrations as low as 0.25 nM did affect egg production. Different toxic
effects following different exposure routes were related to different metal
distributions in the copepods: exposure to dissolved metal resulted in met
al deposition in the exoskeleton, whereas exposure to dietary metal resulte
d in metal deposition in internal tissues. These findings indicate that enr
ichment of metal concentrations in internal tissues, which occurs primarily
after exposure to dietary metal, affects vitellogenesis. The reproduction
rate decreases by about 75% at metal concentrations only moderately higher
than levels in coastal waters. Toxicity tests involving aquatic animals nee
d to consider effects following uptake by different pathways, including the
trophic transfer of metals.