Depressive symptoms in middle-aged women are more strongly associated withphysical health and social support than with socioeconomic factors

The association of socioeconomic factors, health-related factors, and socia l support with depressive symptoms has been extensively studied. However, m ost epidemiological studies have focused on a few factors such as marital s tatus, social class, and employment. In this study of middle-aged women we analyzed both univariate and multivariate associations of socioeconomic fac tors, perceived physical health factors, and social support with self-rated depressive symptoms measured with the Beck Depression Inventory. A nationw ide sample (n = 1851) of Finnish women aged 48-50 years was analyzed. Socio economic, health-related, and social support factors were all measured with single items. All variables, except level of urbanization, were significan tly associated with depressive symptoms in univariate analyses. Multivariat e associations were examined with standard multiple regression analyses in three stages: first with the socioeconomic factors, then with socioeconomic and health factors, and finally entering the social support factors into t he regression model. In the first model, being either on a sick leave or at home as working status, being divorced, and having low income reached sign ificance. In the second model, being divorced and having poor perceived phy sical health were the most powerful among the five significant variables. I n the last model, explaining 32% of the variance, the most powerful predict ors of depressive symptoms were perceived current physical health, satisfac tion with received social support, and quality of intimate relationships. F or the prevention or intervention of depressive symptoms among middle-aged women in the population subjects with concurrent subjective or objective he alth problems and poor social support seem to comprise a particularly impor tant target group.