Beyond the usual approximations: Time-dependent magnetic traps revisited

The motion of atoms in time-orbiting potential (TOP) traps is usually descr ibed by applying adiabatic and time-averaging approximations. In this work we show that careful experimental analysis reveals corrections to both of t hese approximations in the shape of a micromotion of the atoms at the frequ ency of the time-dependent trapping field and of a dependence of the equili brium position of the atoms on the sense of rotation of the bias field. Whe reas the former can be easily explained theoretically, the latter requires a more sophisticated analytical treatment involving geometric forces. We pr esent experimental results and numerical simulations which agree well with the data. Furthermore, implications for Bose-Einstein condensation experime nts are discussed. (C) 2001 Academie des sciences/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS.