Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder following exposure to cyclophosphamide in childhood

With the increasing survival of children with malignancies, the long-term e ffects of chemotherapies are now becoming important and one of these dreadf ul long-term complications is the development of a second malignancy. Descr ibed here is a case of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder developin g 8 years following exposure to cyclophosphamide for the treatment of embry onal rhabdomyosarcoma.