Ws. Olson et al., A melting-layer model for passive/active microwave remote sensing applications. Part II: Simulation of TRMM observations, J APPL MET, 40(7), 2001, pp. 1164-1179
The one-dimensional, steady-state melting-layer model developed in Part I o
f this study is used to calculate both the microphysical and radiative prop
erties of melting precipitation, based upon the computed concentrations of
snow and graupel just above the freezing level at applicable horizontal gri
d points of three-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulations. The modifi
ed 3D distributions of precipitation properties serve as input to radiative
transfer calculations of upwelling radiances and radar extinction/reflecti
vities at the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (
TMI) and precipitation radar (PR) frequencies, respectively. At the resolut
ion of the cloud-resolving model grids (similar to1 km), upwelling radiance
s generally increase if mixed-phase precipitation is included in the model
atmosphere. The magnitude of the increase depends upon the optical thicknes
s of the cloud and precipitation, as well as the scattering characteristics
of the mixed-phase particles and ice-phase precipitation aloft. Over the s
et of cloud-resolving model simulations utilized in this study, maximum rad
iance increases of 43, 28, 18, and 10 K are simulated at 10.65, 19.35, 37.0
, and 85.5 GHz, respectively. The impact of melting on TMI-measured radianc
es is determined not only by the physics of the melting particles but also
by the horizontal extent of the melting precipitation, given that the lower
-frequency channels have footprints that extend over tens of kilometers. At
TMI resolution, the maximum radiance increases are 16, 15, 12, and 9 K at
the same frequencies. Simulated PR extinction and reflectivities in the mel
ting layer can increase dramatically if mixed-phase precipitation is includ
ed, a result consistent with previous studies. Maximum increases of 0.46 (s
imilar to2 dB) in extinction optical depth and 5 dB in reflectivity are sim
ulated based upon the set of cloud-resolving model simulations.