Factors affecting the freezing of water flowing inside a circular tube

The lifetime for supercooled water flowing inside a circular tube at steady state was measured, where the lifetime is defined as the time interval bet ween when the water reaches a steady-state temperature and when the water b egins to freeze. The effects of the inner tribe surface temperature and the flow conditions on the freezing of water were investigated A theoretical e xplanation of the experimental results was developed. Criteria were develop ed for conditions that prevent freezing of water flowing in circular tubes.