Materials under irradiation are sustained in non equilibrium states by a st
eady input of energy. The physics of particle matter interaction correctly
describes the elementary damage processes: modifications of the electronic
structure (as a result of transmutations and electronic excitations), produ
ction of atomic disorder. Materials ageing depends on the slow annealing of
the latter damage. We give a brief survey of simple and useful concepts. S
ome recent advances in the modelling of plasticity under irradiation are al
so presented. We stress that the state or kinetic pathway of a material und
er irradiation depends on three parameters: the irradiation temperature, th
e irradiation flux and the space-time correlations in the damaging process
(e.g. size of the displacement cascades).