This article reports an electromigration-lifetime model that incorporates t
he effect of Joule heating under pulsed DC condition. This mediati-time-to-
failure model accounts for applied current density, duty factor, frequency,
thermal time constant, and interconnect geometry. The model predictions re
ported in this work agree very well with numerical simulation and experimen
tal data over a wide range of current densities and frequencies. (C) 2001 E
lsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.