CAUSAL INDICATORS IN QUALITY-OF-LIFE RESEARCH

Quality of Life (QOL) questionnaires contain two different types of it ems. Some items, such as assessments of symptoms of disease, may be ca lled causal indicators because the occurrence of these symptoms can ca use a change in QOL. A severe state of even a single symptom may suffi ce to cause impairment of QOL, although a poor QOL need not necessaril y imply that a patient suffers from all the symptoms. Other items, for example anxiety and depression, can be regarded as effect indicators which reflect the level of QOL. These indicators usually have a more u niform relationship with QOL, and therefore a patient with poor QOL is likely to have low scores on all effect indicators. In extreme cases it may seem intuitively obvious which items are causal and which are e ffect indicators, but often it is less clear. We propose a model which includes these two types of indicators and show that they behave in m arkedly different ways. Formal quantitative methods are developed for distinguishing them. We also discuss the impact of this distinction up on instrument validation and the design and analysis of summary subsca les.