BEHAVIOR OF NITRIC-OXIDE INFUSED AT CONSTANT FLOW-RATES DIRECTLY INTOA BREATHING CIRCUIT DURING CONTROLLED MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Objectives: This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the pr actice of infusing nitric oxide at constant flow rates directly into b reathing circuits with intermittent (pulsatile) flow can lead to strea ming and tidal pooling of the nitric oxide, This study was also design ed to show the extent to which streaming and tidal pooling of nitric o xide affect nitric oxide delivery. Design: A series of five in vitro e xperiments was performed, For each experiment, either one or two featu res of the nitric oxide delivery/sampling system were varied, and the effects of these variations were evaluated with regard to measured nit ric oxide concentration changes, The results from each experiment were analyzed using either one- or two-factor analysis of variance. Settin g: University research laboratory. Subjects: Breaths were provided by a mechanical ventilator that was connected to a lung model, A standard , corrugated, adult breathing circuit was used, Gas samples were obtai ned from either the lung model's bellows or selected sites within the breathing circuit, Nitric oxide concentrations were measured, using an electrochemical gas analyzer. Interventions: The system features that were varied included the cross-sectional position of the sampling sit e within the breathing circuit, the distance between the infusion port and the sampling site, the breathing frequency, the distance between the Y-piece and the infusion port, and the airway (deadspace) volume, Measurements and Main Results: Streaming of nitric oxide within the br eathing circuit was detected as far as 25 cm downstream of the infusio n site (p <.0001), Pooling of nitric oxide was detected both near and downstream of the infusion site (p <.0001), Increasing the breathing f requency from 5 to 30 breaths/min increased mixing thoroughness (p <.0 05), Increasing the distance between the Y-piece and the infusion port from 15 to 180 cm decreased nitric oxide delivery to our lung model ( p <.0001), Interestingly, increasing airway (deadspace) volume from 15 0 to 450 ml decreased nitric oxide delivery to our lung model (p <.000 1). Conclusions: Estimates of nitric oxide delivery using a constant f low rate of nitric oxide infused directly into a breathing circuit dur ing controlled mechanical ventilation can be confounded by streaming a nd tidal propagation of nitric oxide pools, Improved reproducibility o f reported dose-response relationships is likely to be achieved throug h further study of nitric oxide behavior within the breathing circuits , Reduced toxicity associated with nitric oxide inhalation may also be achieved through a better understanding of this nitric oxide behavior .