PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND THERAPY FOR ALLERGIC AND NONALLERGIC RHINITIS - AN UPDATED REVIEW

Symptoms from rhinitis can be assessed to be more troubling to the pat ient than symptoms from asthma. Further, the army of bioactive mediato rs, cytokines, and cells in nasal mucosa suggests that rhinitis is a m uch more complex condition than formerly thought The presence of aller gic rhinitis is a risk factor for emergence of asthma. Topical nasal c orticosteroids have a relatively flat dose-response curve and have ons et of action within 1 to 2 days for some patients. Allergen immunother apy remains the only immunomodulator for patients with allergic rhinit is, with the possible exception of long-term administration of nasal c orticosteroids.