Jd. Ackerman, SUBMARINE POLLINATION IN THE MARINE ANGIOSPERM ZOSTERA-MARINA (ZOSTERACEAE) .2. POLLEN TRANSPORT IN FLOW-FIELDS AND CAPTURE BY STIGMAS, American journal of botany, 84(8), 1997, pp. 1110-1119
Flow chamber observations of the filamentous pollen of Zostera marina
L. (Potamogetonales) revealed that pollen rotated and moved toward inf
lorescences where they were captured by stigmas. The mechanics of this
abiotic pollination process were examined and found to be related to
the flow environment around emergent flowers. The translational moveme
nt of pollen was imparted by the advection of the fluid (e.g., pollen
kinetic energy, K, ranged from 0.8 x 10(-14) to 2.4 x 10(-14) J, and t
he average K of the fluid was approximate to 0.7 x 10(-14) J), while t
he rotational motion was imparted by the fluid shear stress (tau) with
in the velocity gradient (e.g., pollen shear stress, sigma(t) = omega
mu where omega is the rotational velocity and mu is the dynamic viscos
ity, ranged from 3.4 x 10(-4) to 26 x 10(-4) Pa, and the average fluid
shear stress was tau approximate to 10 x 10(-4) Pa; Ackerman, 1997, A
merican Journal of Botany 84: 1099-1109). These results indicate that
there is a greater potential for pollination by filamentous pollen rel
ative to spherical pollen. Functionally, while spherical pollen needs
to be directly upstream from stigmas to be captured, filamentous polle
n need only be in the vicinity of inflorescences and flowers to be cap
tured by stigmas. Thus, in addition to direct interception on stigmas,
filamentous pollen can be captured while they rotate past flowers or
when they are redirected through the velocity gradient towards flowers
. Filamentous pollen is an adaptation to submarine pollination in seag
rasses.