H. Shen et al., CHICKEN TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-2 - CLONING, EXPRESSION AND ITS ROLE IN OUTGROWTH OF FACIAL PROMINENCES AND LIMB BUDS, Developmental biology, 188(2), 1997, pp. 248-266
Embryonic facial development in chick embryos involves a sequential ac
tivation of genes that control differential growth and patterning of t
he beak. In the present study we isolate one such gene, the transcript
ion factor, AP-2, that is known to be expressed in the face of mouse e
mbryos. The protein sequence of chick AP-2 alpha is 94% homologous to
human and mouse AP-2. Wholemount in situ hybridization with a probe fo
r chick AP-2 identifies expression from primitive streak stages up to
stage 28. The most striking expression patterns in the head are during
neural crest cell migration when AP-2 transcripts follow closely the
tracts previously mapped for neural crest cells. Later, expression in
the facial mesenchyme is strongest in the frontonasal mass and lateral
nasal prominences and is do unregulated in the maxillary and mandibul
ar prominences. Once limb buds are visible, high expression is seen in
the distal mesenchyme but not in the apical ectodermal ridge. The exp
ression patterns of AP-2 in stage 20 embryos suggested that the gene m
ay be important in ''budding out'' of facial prominences and limb buds
. We implanted beads soaked in retinoic acid in the right nasal pit of
stage 20 embryos resulting in a specific inhibition of outgrowth of t
he frontonasal mass and lateral nasal prominences. AP-2 expression was
completely down-regulated in the lateral nasal within 8 hr of bead ap
plication. In addition, the normal up regulation of AP-2 in the fronto
nasal mass did not occur following retinoic-acid treatment. There was
an increase in programmed cell death around the right nasal pit that a
ccompanied the down-regulation of AP-2. Prominences whose morphogenesi
s were not affected by retinoic acid did not have altered expression p
atterns. We removed the apical ectodermal ridge in stage 20 limb buds
and found that AP-2 expression was partially do unregulated 4 hr follo
wing ridge removal and completely downregulated 8 hr following strippi
ng. Application of an FGF-4 soaked bead to the apex of the limb bud ma
intained AP-2 expression. Thus AP-2 is involved in outgrowth and could
be regulated by factors such as FGFs that are present in the ectoderm
of both the face and limb. (C) 1997 Academic Press.