Tacrolimus hydrate (FK506), a novel 23-membered macrolide, is an immun
osuppressant isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis using extensive s
creening of fermentation products to identify a compound inhibiting th
e mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The in vitro and in vivo immunosupp
ressive activities of FK506 were found to be more potent than those of
cyclosporine (CyA). The superior Immunosuppression with FK506 treatme
nt was also confirmed in the skin allograft model in rats and liver tr
ansplantation in dogs. Clinical studies were initiated by Prof. Starzl
at the University of Pittsburgh in 1989, and he demonstrated that FK5
06 surpassed CyA in the incidence of graft survival and the frequency
of graft rejection. Multicenter randomized clinical studies, comparing
FK506 to CyA corroborated the efficacy of FK506 on the survival of pa
tients and of grafts, and especially on the appearance of severe refra
ctory graft rejection. FK506 was marketed in 1993 in Japan, and was fo
llowed in 1994 in the U.S.A., U.K. and Germany. The mechanism of actio
n of this compound was clarified by the endeavors of Prof. Schreiber,
who demonstrated the existence of a binding protein for FK506 called F
KBP, similar to cyclophilin for CyA. The FK506/FKBP complex binds with
calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase to inhibit the translocat
ion of NFAT into the nucleus, resulting in inhibition of transcription
of IL-2 mRNA. FK506 displays potent immunosuppressant activity, and c
ontributes not only to the progress of transplantation therapy for cli
nical studies, but also to the clarification of signal transduction in
T cell activation for basic science.