DENSITY-DEPENDENT COSTS OF AN INDUCIBLE MORPHOLOGICAL DEFENSE IN CRUCIAN CARP

Theoretical models for the evolution of inducible anti-predator defens es predict that there should be fitness costs associated with the defe nse, otherwise it should be permanent. Thus, in the absence of predato rs and with limited resources, defended individuals are expected to be outcompeted by individuals lacking the costly defense. Crucian carp, Carassius carassius, increase in body depth in response to chemical st imuli from piscivorous fish, and the deeper body constitutes a morphol ogical defense against gape-limited piscivores. Here, we have performe d a field experiment investigating effects of population density on th e relative competitive performance of shallow-bodied and deep-bodied c rucian carp. We assigned groups of six individually marked fish (the ' 'focal'' individuals) of either morph into enclosures with either low or high crucian carp density, and monitored changes in body mass, leng th, and body depth of these fish for 4 mo. In addition, we determined sex, and final liver and gonadal mass, of all focal fish. At high popu lation density, there was a reduction in food resources (zooplankters) , which resulted in reduced gonad mass, reduced gonadosomatic indices, and reduced growth in fish of both morphs. Unexpectedly, the relative allocation to livers was higher at high density. There was no differe nce in body mass gain between morphs at the low density, whereas at th e high density shallow-bodied fish gained twice as much body mass as d eep-bodied fish. Hence, when predators were absent and food resources were limited, deep-bodied individuals suffered a substantial cost when competing with shallow-bodied conspecifics. This study verifies the t heoretical prediction that an inducible defense results in fitness cos ts in the absence of predators. Further, as we found no measurable dis advantage of the deep-bodied morphology at high food availability but a strong disadvantage under intense competition for food, our results also demonstrate the importance of relating defense costs to levels of intraspecific competition.