ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TOWARD CONTAINING TRANSPORT EXTERNALITIES - ANINTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

This paper is concerned with the various approaches available for hand ling the negative environmental external costs of transport. It looks at the nature of the policy tools that are available and sets them in the context of the different environmental problems that are confronte d. The nature of political regimes is important both for the likely in tensity of environmental policy and for the types of policy instrument s that are favoured. Even within democracies, however, there is a tend ency to favour command-and-control instruments over fiscal policies an d the reasons behind this are examined.