N. Seiberg, EXACT RESULTS ON THE SPACE OF VACUA OF 4-DIMENSIONAL SUSY GAUGE-THEORIES, Physical review. D. Particles and fields, 49(12), 1994, pp. 6857-6863
We consider four-dimensional quantum field theories which have a conti
nuous manifold of inequivalent exact ground states-a moduli space of v
acua. Classically, the singular points on the moduli space are associa
ted with extra massless particles. Quantum mechanically these singular
ities can be smoothed out. Alternatively, new massless states appear t
here. These may be the elementary massless particles or new massless b
ound states.