Recent progress in the development of optical techniques for non-invas
ive imaging in biology and medicine is reviewed. We start with some fu
ndamental considerations of light propagation in random media. We then
discuss imaging using coherent unscattered light and diffuse light. M
icroscopic techniques based on one-and two-photon fluorescence are des
cribed and several types of nonlinear and time-resolved microscopy are
explained. We conclude with some application examples and an outlook.