SURGICAL-TREATMENT OF SPASTIC CONDITIONS OF THE ESOPHAGUS

Primary esophageal motility disorders include achalasia, diffuse and s egmental esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter, Failed medical therapy frequently precedes the presentation of these patients for surgical intervention, Both laparos copic and thoracoscopic techniques have been developed to successfully treat these spastic disorders of the esophagus, Laparoscopic and thor acoscopic operative techniques are described.