GENDER-BASED WAGE AND PROMOTION DISCRIMINATION IN ISRAELI HIGH-TECHNOLOGY FIRMS - DO UNIONS MAKE A DIFFERENCE

Little is known about the degree to which unions protect women against gender-based wage and promotion discrimination, Data were collected f or scientists and professionals in two matched firms, one unionized, o ne not. Similar overall patterns of discrimination emerged, with gende r having no less of an impact on earnings and promotion in the unioniz ed firm than in the nonunion firm. However, our results suggest that w omen in the unionized firm might have been less exposed to the negativ e earnings-based consequences of promotion discrimination because hier archical wage differentials were lower.