As technologies advance towards the deep submicron, the ESD protection
design issues have been known to become more critical. This paper exa
mines the recent trends in ESD protection designs, the technology impa
ct, and the specific approaches to build-in ESD reliability. It is sho
wn that the efficient performance of advanced protection designs requi
res an optimised process that can meet the ESD robustness criterion. C
opyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.