The extent of role conflict, role ambiguity, and role overload reporte
d by middle managers from 21 nations was related to national scores on
power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity
. We adapted earlier role stress scales and assessed equivalence using
multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Role stresses varied more by
country than by personal and organizational characteristics. Data wer
e aggregated to the national level. Power distance and collectivism we
re negatively related to role ambiguity and positively related to role
overload.