Morningness refers to a preference for morning versus evening activiti
es. This study assessed the predictive validity of an instrument devel
oped by C. S. Smith, C. Reilly, and K. Midkiff (1989) to measure the m
orningness construct. Morningness data were collected from university
students (N = 454) at the beginning of a semester to examine the relat
ionship between morningness and student behavior (i.e., sleeping, stud
ying, and class scheduling) and performance. Results indicate that mor
ningness was predictive of patterns of sleeping, studying, and class s
cheduling. Morningness also interacted with the time at which classes
met to affect performance.