W. Vandervorst et al., ADVANCED CHARACTERIZATION - AN INDISPENSABLE TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING ULTRA CLEAN PROCESSING, Microelectronic engineering, 28(1-4), 1995, pp. 27-34
Economical and environmental considerations have led to the replacemen
t of Ultra Clean Processing by the ''Just-Clean-Enough'' concept which
is based on a fundamental understanding of the effect of contaminants
and consequently on defining tolerable limits for the contamination.
In this paper an overview is given of the characterisation tools which
can be used in this context for metal detection, surface chemistry an
d roughening and organic contamination.