In this paper we assess the extent to which expert systems technology,
and in particular the idea of 'knowledge-based modelling', has influe
nced the practice of schools in our geographical area. We find that al
though expert system shells have gained a foothold there are no signs
of a major breakthrough. We relate this situation to the time which av
erage learners expend to build models with the current generation of s
hells. We propose a set of expressiveness criteria for future knowledg
e modelling tools. Tools which meet our criteria should empower learne
rs to build bigger and better models. We suggest how such tools might
be designed.