W. Claeys et al., OPTICAL AMMETER FOR INTEGRATED-CIRCUIT CHARACTERIZATION AND FAILURE ANALYSIS, Quality and reliability engineering international, 11(4), 1995, pp. 247-251
The current which flows through the metal semiconductor interface of a
n ohmic contact produces a Peltier effect. This thermal effect has bee
n optically detected and used for the development of an optical ammete
r, the determination of doping type of semiconductors and the homogene
ity scanning upon integrated circuits.