This study compares a large random sample of maltreated children to sm
aller random comparison samples of the general school population and c
hildren receiving social services to investigate effects of abuse and
neglect on school performance. With controls for diverse background fa
ctors, maltreated children display deficits relative to each compariso
n sample with respect to many school outcomes, including grades, test
scores, and absences. In comparison with the deficits in school outcom
es borne by children receiving social services, those associated with
maltreatment, though statistically distinguishable, are substantively
similar.