PROBLEMS CONCERNING STUDY TIME VS. PROBLE MS CONCERNING STUDY EFFECTIVENESS - TIME PRESSURE DEPENDENCY, PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS AND SUBJECT EVALUATIONS

In various studies, problems concerning study time (spending less time studying than intended) and study effectiveness (making less use of t he time spent studying than intended) were compared with each other. T he results show: (a) Problems concerning study time are more dependent on time pressure than problems concerning study effectiveness: They a re less generalized and decrease more with increasing rime pressure. ( b) Problems concerning study time are associated with less aspiration for high level of competence and achievement and insufficient use of s elfmanagement-strategies. in contrast, problems with study effectivene ss are associated with performance anxiety and self-doubt. (c) Only pr oblems concerning study effectiveness are related to the general impre ssion of not succeeding with autonomous learning, and to the correspon ding perceived need for advice. Problems concerning study time, theref ore, appear not only to reflect ''morivational deficits'' (less aspira tion for high level of competence and achievement), rather also have ' 'motivational deficits'' as consequences (no experiencing of problems and no perceived need for advice).