This article is a reply to the commentary made by Smith (1998) regardi
ng these authors' earlier article (1998), which proposes a modified co
nstructivist account of the origins of mental representation. This art
icle focuses on three aspects of Smith's commentary. First, we elabora
te on Smith's discussion of differences between empiricist and constru
ctivist approaches to development. Second, we discuss Smith's restatem
ent of Piaget's position in terms of four levels of representational c
apacities. Finally, we reply to specific comments directed by Smith at
our article. (C) 1998 Academic Press.