MULTIMEDIA LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS - ISSUES OF LEARNER CONTROL AND NAVIGATION

Using schema theory as a framework, we view learning as an active, con structive process. It is affected not only by learners' internal knowl edge structures, but by the external constraints of the learning envir onment as well (Kozma, 1991). This article examines how different inte rnal learner characteristics (e.g., prior knowledge, self efficacy and interest) and different external constraints (e.g., learner control, instructional design and level of control) influence the learning proc ess. Specifically, we address learning from a variety of multimedia en vironments such as video, hypertexts, kiosks and other hypermedia with in a schema theoretic approach that incorporates a constructivist view .